Was my Search & Seizure Legal? (Part II)

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Was My Search & Seizure Legal? Part II

Gisela Then

In part I of this series on Search and Seizure law we covered the basic elements of the Fourth Amendment and protecting your privacy. Remember the Fourth Amendment provides “the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, paper, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.”

If a search and seizure violates the Fourth Amendment and a court finds the search unreasonable, any evidence seized as a result to the search cannot be used in the case against a criminal defendant. This is referred to as suppression of the evidence. This does not necessarily mean that your case will be dismissed, the Government could try to proceed with other evidence, but your rights are protected in that no evidence that was unlawfully seized can be used against you.

The following are some additional frequently asked questions in regards to Search and Seizure laws:


Can the Police search my apartment if my landlord consents?

No. Your apartment is your private property and you have a reasonable expectation of privacy in your apartment. The landlord can not give valid consent to search your apartment because your lease and rent guarantees your privacy at home. Even though your landlord normally can enter your apartment in order to conduct inspections and repairs, most leases state that the landlord will give advance notice of entry. If someone alleges that a person is conducting illegal activity in your apartment, law enforcement must secure a warrant before entering your apartment. However, always remember that an officer will always be able to conduct a search if YOU consent. So that proud “Go ahead search, I have nothing to hide” is never recommended. Call an attorney immediately and make it clear to the officer that you are not consenting to a search of yourself or your home.


A cop searched me because he said he smelled burnt cannabis on my clothes, is that legal?

Yes. The courts have consistently held that if an officer smells the odor of cannabis coming from you or a vehicle that you are in, that gives rise to probable cause to search you and a vehicle that you are in due to the reasonable suspicion that illegal drugs have recently been or are being consumed. This is reasonable suspicion is subject to scrutiny by the courts. Some courts have held that the odor of cannabis alone is insufficient to justify a warrantless search where the officer has limited experience or knowledge in regards to how long the aroma of marijuana can linger. For example if an officer testifies that the odor of marijuana can last over 24 hours, and then it is unreasonable for an officer to assume you are involved in criminal activity solely based on the odor of marijuana. The key to protecting your rights in this situation is Remain Silent and do not Consent to a search of yourself or your vehicle.


If the Police have a warrant to search my garage, can they search my whole house?

No. The police are limited in their lawful search under a warrant to the place described in the warrant. Normally they can only look in places that the property described in the warrant would reasonably be located. For example if a warrant states that the police are to seize stolen riffles located in your garage, the police could not search a briefcase in the garage because a riffle would not fit in a briefcase. The police can not lawfully enter your house to look for riffles if the warrant specifically limits their search area to the garage. Remember as stated in our last article, all violations of your Fourth Amendment rights are washed away if you consent to the search. So if the warrant says garage, do not consent to a search of your car, home or shed.

Only you can protect your rights when encountered by the police. Knowing your rights will help you avoid mistakes that can become very harmful. If in doubt, ask to speak to an attorney immediately and exercise your right to remain silent after that.




¿Fue Legal mi Registro y Confiscación? Parte II

Gisela Then

En la primera parte de esta serie sobre Registros y Confiscaciones cubrimos los elementos básicos de la Cuarta Enmienda y la protección de su privacidad. Recuerde que la Cuarta Enmienda establece que “El derecho de los habitantes de que sus personas, domicilios, documentos y efectos se hallen a salvo de registros y confiscaciones arbitrarias, será inviolable, y no se expedirán al efecto mandamientos que no se apoyen en un motivo verosímil, estén corroborados mediante juramento o protesta y describan con particularidad el lugar que deba ser registrado y las personas o cosas que han de ser detenidas o confiscadas.”

De efectuarse un registro y confiscación que violente la Cuarta Enmienda y la corte determine que el mismo fue irrazonable, cualquier prueba confiscada que resulte de la misma será inadmisible para su uso en contra del defendido. Este proceso se conoce como el suprimir la evidencia. Esto no significa necesariamente que su caso ha sido desestimado; el Gobierno podría proceder con otras pruebas, pero sus derechos están protegidos en cuanto al no poder usarse en su contra pruebas obtenidas en un registro ilegal.

A continuación le presento otras preguntas frecuentemente hechas relacionadas a las leyes de Registro y Confiscación.


¿Puede la Policía registrar mi apartamento si el propietario consiente al mismo?

No. Su apartamento es su propiedad personal y usted tiene una expectativa razonable de privacidad en el mismo. El propietario no puede consentir al registro de su apartamento puesto que el arrendamiento y renta le garantiza la privacidad en su hogar. La mayoría de los arrendamientos estipulan que aunque el propietario puede entrar al mismo para efectuar inspecciones y reparaciones, el tiene que notificarle con antelación de sus intenciones. Si alguien alegara que en su apartamento se están llevando a cabo actividades ilegales, el orden público debe asegurar una orden judicial de allanamiento antes de entrar al mismo. Sin embargo, recuerde que el oficial puede efectuar un registro si USTED lo consiente. Por esto no es recomendable proceder con confianza y decir “Vaya y revise”, no tengo nada que ocultar”. Comuníquese con un abogado inmediatamente y haga claro al oficial que no está consintiendo al registro de su hogar o persona.


¿Es legal que un policía me registre diciendo que mi ropa olía a marijuana quemada?

Sí. Las cortes han sostenido consistentemente que si un oficial huele marijuana emanando de su persona o su vehículo, existe el motivo fundado para registrarlo a usted y su vehículo debido a la sospecha razonable de que drogas ilegales han sido o están siendo consumidas. Algunos tribunales sostienen que por si sólo el olor a marijuana no es motivo suficiente para justificar un registro sin allanamiento donde el oficial tiene experiencia o conocimiento limitado en cuanto a la duración del olor. Por ejemplo, es irrazonable que un oficial asuma que usted está envuelto en actividades criminales sólo por el hecho de testificar que el olor de la marijuana puede durar hasta 24 horas. La clave para proteger sus derechos en esta situación es Permanecer Callado y no dar su Consentimiento al registro de su propiedad y vehículo.


Si la policía tiene una orden de registro para mi garaje, ¿pueden registrar toda la casa?

Sólo usted puede proteger sus derechos cuando se enfrenta a la policía. Conociendo sus derechos le permite evitar errores que puedan serle dañinos. De tener dudas, pida hablar inmediatamente con un abogado y ejerza su derecho a permanecer callado.

Escrito por Gisela Then, Licenciada de la firma Longwell & Gentle P.A.; para más información favor de comunicarse con nuestra oficina al 407-426-5757.

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